Researcher biography
Cognitive and decision-making problems associated with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia are considered the largest burden for these individuals. They also predict poor functional outcomes, such as maintaining work, social networks, and independent living. I am particularly interested in the relationship between decision-making problems and psychotic symptoms in these disorders; will improving decision-making also reduce psychotic symptoms? To that end, I focus on decision-making tasks that are reliant on brain areas and networks that are implicated in psychosis.
My work aims to understand how corticostriatal circuitry drives decision-making processes, and how this is altered in those with schizophrenia and psychosis. I have taken advantage of my collaborations with basic scientists and clinical researchers with a broad range of expertise to establish a cross-species program of research focussed on decision-making. My research is guided by two fundamental questions:
- Do decision-making problems in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders contribute to psychotic symptoms?
- How can we leverage the mechanistic tools available in rodent neuroscience to identify causative common substrates underlying decision-making problems (and by proxy psychotic symptoms)?
Journal Articles
Flintoff, Jonathan Martin, Alexander, Suzy, Kesby, James Paul and Burne, Thomas Henry (2024). The dynamic strategy shifting task: Optimisation of an operant task for assessing cognitive flexibility in rats. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15 1303728. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1303728
Kesby, James P. and Turner, Karly M. (2024). The translational utility of circuit-based manipulations in preclinical models. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 4 (1), 103-104. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.11.004
Srivastav, Sunil, Cui, Xiaoying, Varela, Roger Bitencourt, Kesby, James P. and Eyles, Darryl (2023). Increasing dopamine synthesis in nigrostriatal circuits increases phasic dopamine release and alters dorsal striatal connectivity: implications for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia, 9 (1) 69, 69. doi: 10.1038/s41537-023-00397-2
Conn, Kyna-Anne, Alexander, Suzy, Burne, Thomas H.J. and Kesby, James P. (2023). Antagonism of D2 receptors via raclopride ameliorates amphetamine-induced associative learning deficits in male mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 454 114649, 114649. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114649
Young, Madison K., Conn, Kyna-Anne, Das, Joyosmita, Zou, Simin, Alexander, Suzy, Burne, Thomas H.J. and Kesby, James P. (2023). Activity in the dorsomedial striatum underlies serial reversal learning performance under probabilistic uncertainty. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 3 (4), 1030-1041. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.08.005
Baker, Andrea, Suetani, Shuichi, Cosgrove, Peter, Siskind, Dan, Murray, Graham K., Scott, James G. and Kesby, James P. (2023). Reversal learning in those with early psychosis features contingency-dependent changes in loss response and learning. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 28 (5), 342-360. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2023.2259019
Arnautovska, Urska, Vitangcol, Kathryn, Kesby, James P., Warren, Nicola, Rossell, Susan L., Neill, Erica, Harris, Anthony, Galletly, Cherrie, Castle, David and Siskind, Dan (2023). Verbal and visual learning ability in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 33 100283, 100283. doi: 10.1016/j.scog.2023.100283
Conn, Kyna-Anne, Zou, Simin, Das, Joyosmita, Alexander, Suzy, Burne, Thomas HJ. and Kesby, James P. (2023). Activating the dorsomedial and ventral midbrain projections to the striatum differentially impairs goal-directed action in male mice. Neuropharmacology, 234 109550, 109550. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109550
Arnautovska, Urska, Kesby, James P, Korman, Nicole, Rebar, Amanda L., Chapman, Justin, Warren, Nicola, Rossell, Susan L., Dark, Frances L. and Siskind, Dan (2022). Biopsychology of physical activity in people with schizophrenia: an integrative perspective on barriers and intervention strategies. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 18, 2917-2926. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s393775
Suetani, Shuichi, Baker, Andrea, Garner, Kelly, Cosgrove, Peter, Mackay-Sim, Matilda, Siskind, Dan, Murray, Graham K., Scott, James G. and Kesby, James P. (2022). Impairments in goal-directed action and reversal learning in a proportion of individuals with psychosis. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 22 (6), 1390-1403. doi: 10.3758/s13415-022-01026-8
Kesby, James P., Murray, Graham K. and Knolle, Franziska (2021). Neural circuitry of salience and reward processing in psychosis. Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science, 3 (1), 33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.003
Flintoff, Jonathan, Kesby, James P., Siskind, Dan and Burne, Thomas H. J. (2021). Treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia with GLP-1RAs: an overview of their therapeutic potential. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 30 (8), 877-891. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1951702
Cui, Xiaoying, Pertile, Renata Ap. Nedel, Du, Zilong, Wei, Wei, Sun, Zichun, Eyles, Darryl W. and Kesby, James P. (2021). Developmental inhibition of long intergenic non-coding RNA, HOTAIRM1, impairs dopamine neuron differentiation and maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22 (14) 7268, 7268. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147268
Petty, Alice, Cui, Xiaoying, Ali, Asad, Du, Zilong, Srivastav, Sunil, Kesby, James P., Kirik, Deniz, Howes, Oliver and Eyles, Darryl (2021). Positive symptom phenotypes appear progressively in “EDiPS”, a new animal model of the schizophrenia prodrome. Scientific Reports, 11 (1) 4294, 4294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83681-4
Baek, Eun Ji, Kim, Hahoon, Basova, Liana A., Rosander, Ashley, Kesby, James P., Semenova, Svetlana and Marcondes, Maria Cecilia Garibaldi (2020). Sex differences and Tat expression affect dopaminergic receptor expression and response to antioxidant treatment in methamphetamine-sensitized HIV Tat transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology, 178 108245, 108245. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108245
Conn, Kyna-Anne, Burne, Thomas H. J. and Kesby, James P. (2020). Subcortical dopamine and cognition in schizophrenia: looking beyond psychosis in preclinical models. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14 542, 542. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00542
Basova, Liana V., Kesby, James P., Kaul, Marcus, Semenova, Svetlana and Marcondes, Maria Cecilia Garibaldi (2020). Systems biology analysis of the antagonizing effects of HIV-1 Tat expression in the brain over transcriptional changes caused by methamphetamine sensitization. Viruses, 12 (4) 426, 426. doi: 10.3390/v12040426
Ryan, Alexander E., Mowry, Bryan J., Kesby, James P., Scott, James G. and Greer, Judith M. (2019). Is there a role for antibodies targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53 (11) ARTN 0004867419864438, 1-11. doi: 10.1177/0004867419864438
Kesby, James P., Chang, Ariel, Najera, Julia A., Marcondes, Maria Cecilia G. and Semenova, Svetlana (2019). Brain reward function after chronic and binge methamphetamine regimens in mice expressing the HIV-1 TAT protein. Current HIV Research, 17 (2), 126-133. doi: 10.2174/1570162x17666190703165408
Kesby, James P., Fields, Jerel A., Chang, Ariel, Coban, Hamza, Achim, Cristian L., Semenova, Svetlana and TMARC Group (2018). Effects of HIV-1 TAT protein and methamphetamine exposure on visual discrimination and executive function in mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 349, 73-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.046
Kesby, J. P., Eyles, D. W., McGrath, J. J. and Scott, J. G. (2018). Dopamine, psychosis and schizophrenia: the widening gap between basic and clinical neuroscience. Translational Psychiatry, 8 (1) 30, 1-12. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0071-9
Boutros, Nathalie, Der-Avakian, Andre, Kesby, James P., Lee, Soon, Markou, Athina and Semenova, Svetlana (2017). Effects of adolescent alcohol exposure on stress-induced reward deficits, brain CRF, monoamines and glutamate in adult rats. Psychopharmacology, 235 (3), 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4789-0
Kesby, James P., Najera, Julia A., Romoli, Benedetto, Fang, Yiding, Basova, Liana, Birmingham, Amanda, Marcondes, Maria Cecilia G., Dulcis, Davide and Semenova, Svetlana (2017). HIV-1 TAT protein enhances sensitization to methamphetamine by affecting dopaminergic function. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 65, 210-221. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.004
Kesby, James P., Turner, Karly M., Alexander, Suzanne, Eyles, Darryl W., McGrath, John J. and Burne, Thomas H.J. (2017). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters multiple neurotransmitter systems in the neonatal rat brain. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 62 (C), 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.002
Kesby, James P., Chang, Ariel, Markou, Athina and Semenova, Svetlana (2017). Modeling human methamphetamine use patterns in mice: chronic and binge methamphetamine exposure, reward function and neurochemistry. Addiction Biology, 23 (1), 206-218. doi: 10.1111/adb.12502
Milienne-Petiot, Morgane, Kesby, James P., Graves, Mary, van Enkhuizen, Jordy, Semenova, Svetlana, Minassian, Arpi, Markou, Athina, Geyer, Mark A. and Young, Jared W. (2017). The effects of reduced dopamine transporter function and chronic lithium on motivation, probabilistic learning, and neurochemistry in mice: modeling bipolar mania. Neuropharmacology, 113 (A), 260-270. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.030
Soontornniyomki, Virawudh, Kesby, James P. , Soontornniyomkij, Benchawanna, Kim, Jane J. , Kisseleva, Tatiana, Achim, Cristian L. , Semenova, Svetlana and Jeste, Dilip V. (2016). Age and high-fat diet effects on glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity in liver and hippocampus and recognition memory in mice. Current Aging Science, 9 (4), 301-309. doi: 10.2174/1874609809666160413113311
Kesby, James P., Markou, Athina and Semenova, Svetlana (2016). The effects of HIV-1 regulatory TAT protein expression on brain reward function, response to psychostimulants and delay-dependent memory in mice. Neuropharmacology, 109, 205-215. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.011
Kesby, James P., Markou, Athina and Semenova, Svetlana (2016). Effects of HIV/TAT protein expression and chronic selegiline treatment on spatial memory, reversal learning and neurotransmitter levels in mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 311, 131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.034
Soontornniyomkij, Virawudh, Kesby, James P., Morgan, Erin E., Bischoff-Grethe, Amanda, Minassian, Arpi, Brown, Gregory G. and Grant, Igor (2016). Effects of HIV and methamphetamine on brain and behavior: evidence from human studies and animal models. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 11 (3), 495-510. doi: 10.1007/s11481-016-9699-0
McKenna, Benjamin S., Brown, Gregory G., Archibald, Sarah, Scadeng, Miriam, Bussell, Robert, Kesby, James P., Markou, Athina, Soontornniyomkij, Virawudh, Achim, Cristian and Semenova, Svetlana (2016). Microstructural changes to the brain of mice after methamphetamine exposure as identified with diffusion tensor imaging. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 249, 27-37. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.02.009
Kesby, James P., Kim, Jane J., Scadeng, Miriam, Woods, Gina, Kado, Deborah M., Olefsky, Jerrold M., Jeste, Dilip V., Achim, Cristian L. and Semenova, Svetlana (2015). Spatial cognition in adult and aged mice exposed to high-fat diet. PLoS ONE, 10 (10) e0140034, 0140034.1-0140034.15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140034
Kesby, James P., Heaton, Robert K., Young, Jared W., Umlauf, Anya, Woods, Steven P., Letendre, Scott L., Markou, Athina, Grant, Igor and Semenova, Svetlana (2015). Methamphetamine exposure combined with HIV-1 disease or gp120 expression: comparison of learning and executive functions in humans and mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40 (8), 1899-1909. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.39
Kesby, James P., Markou, Athina, Semenova, Svetlana and The Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC) Group (2015). Cognitive deficits associated with combined HIV gp120 expression and chronic methamphetamine exposure in mice. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25 (1), 141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.07.014
Der-Avakian, Andre, Mazei-Robison, Michelle S., Kesby, James P., Nestler, Eric J. and Markou, Athina (2014). Enduring deficits in brain reward function after chronic social defeat in rats: susceptibility, resilience, and antidepressant response. Biological Psychiatry, 76 (7), 542-549. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.013
Kesby, James P., Hubbard, David T., Markou, Athina and Semenova, Svetlana (2014). Expression of HIV gp120 protein increases sensitivity to the rewarding properties of methamphetamine in mice. Addiction Biology, 19 (4), 593-605. doi: 10.1111/adb.12023
Kesby, James P., Cui, Xiaoying, Burne, Thomas H. J. and Eyles, Darryl W. (2013). Altered dopamine ontogeny in the developmentally vitamin D deficient rat and its relevance to schizophrenia. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 7 (111) ARTN 111, 1-13. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00111
Groves, Natalie J., Kesby, James P., Eyles, Darryl W., McGrath, John J., Mackay-Sim, Alan and Burne, Thomas H. J. (2013). Adult vitamin D deficiency leads to behavioural and brain neurochemical alterations in C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 241 (1), 120-131. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.001
Kesby, James P., O'Loan, Jonathan C., Alexander, Suzanne, Deng, Chao, Huang, Xu-Feng, McGrath, John J., Eyles, Darryl W. and Burne, Thomas H. J. (2012). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters MK-801-induced behaviours in adult offspring. Psychopharmacology, 220 (3), 455-463. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2492-0
James Kesby, Eyles, Darryl, Burne, Thomas H.J. and McGrath, John J. (2011). The effects of vitamin D on brain development and adult brain function. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 347 (1-2), 121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.014
Carty, Michelle L., Wixey, Julie A., Kesby, James, Reinebrant, Hanna E., Colditz, Paul B., Gobe, Glenda and Buller, Kathryn M. (2010). Long-term losses of amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor neurons are associated with behavioural outcomes following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behavioural Brain Research, 208 (2), 609-618. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.007
Kesby, James P, Cui, Xiaoying, O'Loan, Jonathan, McGrath, John J, Burne, Thomas HJ and Eyles, Darryl W (2010). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters dopamine-mediated behaviors and dopamine transporter function in adult female rats. Psychopharmacology, 208 (1), 159-168. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1717-y
Eyles, Darryl, Cui, Xiaoying, Kesby, James, Harms, Lauren, Ko, Pauline, McGrath, John J. and Burne, Thomas H.J. (2009). Developmental vitamin D deficiency causes abnormal brain development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34 (Supplement 1), S247-S257. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.015
Kesby, James P., Cui, Xiaoying, Ko, Pauline, McGrath, John J., Burne, Thomas H. J. and Eyles, Darryl W. (2009). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters dopamine turnover in neonatal rat forebrain. Neuroscience Letters, 461 (2), 155-158. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.070
Murrell, Wayne, Wetzig, Andrew, Donnellan, Michael, Féron, François, Burne, Tom, Meedeniya, Adrian, Kesby, James, Bianco, John, Perry, Chris, Silburn, Peter and Mackay-Sim, Alan (2008). Olfactory mucosa is a potential source for autologous stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells, 26 (8), 2183-2192. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0074
Lee, S., Kesby, J., Muslim, M. D., Steane, S. E., Eyles, D., Dawson, P. A. and Markovich, D. (2007). Hyperserotonaemia and reduced brain serotonin in NaS1 sulfate transporter null mice. NeuroReport, 18 (18), 1981-1985. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f22998
O'Loan, Jonathan, Eyles, Darryl W., Kesby, James, Ko, Pauline, McGrath, John J. and Burne, Thomas H. J. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency during various stages of pregnancy in the rat: Its impact on development and behavior in adult offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32 (3), 227-234. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.006
Kesby, James P., Burne, Thomas H.J., McGrath, John J. and Eyles, Darryl W. (2006). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters MK 801-induced hyperlocomotion in the adult rat: An animal model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 60 (6), 591-596. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.033
Conference Papers
Scott, J. G., Kesby, J. P., Thio, S. and Erskine, H. E. (2018). A systematic review and critical appraisal of the association between prescribed stimulants for ADHD and the risk of psychosis. RANZCP 2018 Congress, Auckland, New Zealand, 13-17 May 2018. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
Kesby, James P., Najera, Julia A., Romoli, Benedetto, Fang, Yiding, Basova, Liana, Birmingham, Amanda, Marcondes, Maria Cecilia G., Dulcis, Davide and Semenova, Svetlana (2016). HIV-1 TAT protein expression enhances methamphetamine behavioral sensitization and alters dopaminergic function in mice. 14th International Symposium on NeuroVirology, Toronto Canada, Oct 25-28, 2016. NEW YORK: SPRINGER.
Burne, Thomas H., Kesby, James P., Turner, Karly, Suzy, Alexander, McGrath, John J. and Eyles, Darryl W. (2012). Prenatal vitamin D deficiency alters dopamine and glutamate metabolism in rat brain. 3rd Biennial Schizophrenia International Research Conference, Florence, Italy, 14-18 April 2012. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Eyles, Darryl, Cui, Xiaoying, Pelekanos, Matt, Kesby, James, Burne, Tom and McGrath, John (2010). Developmental vitamin D deficiency (DVD) and brain dopamine ontogeny. 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, Florence, Italy, 10-14 April 2010. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.195
Eyles, Darryl, Cui, X., Pelekanos, M., Kesby, J., Burne, T. and McGrath, J. (2009). Developmental vitamin D deficiency (DVD) and brain dopamine ontogeny. 12th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, San Diego, CA, United States, 28 March-1 April 2009. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Eyles, D., Cui, X., Pelekanos, M., Kesby, J., Burne, T. and McGrath, J. (2009). Developmental Vitamin D Deficiency (DVD)and brain dopamine ontogeny. 12th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, San Diego, CA, United States, 28 March - 01 April 2009. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Universit Press.
Eyles, D., Cui, X., Pelekanos, M., Kesby, J., Burne, T. and McGrath, J. (2009). Developmental vitamin D deficiency (DVD) and brain dopamine ontogeny. 17th EPA Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, January 2009. Paris, France: Elsevier Masson.
Kesby, J., O'Loan, J. C., McGrath, J. J., Eyles, D. W. and Burne, T. H. J. (2008). Developmental vitamin D deficiency in the rat induces a sexually dimorphic delayed onset in sensitivity to MK-801. 21st Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Barcelona, Spain, 30 August - 3rd September 2008. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/S0924-977X(08)70354-7
Eyles, DW, Burne, T, Cui, X, Kesby, J, Ko, P and McGrath, J (2007). Developmental vitamin D deficiency; A candidate risk factor for schizophrenia. 10th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Savannah GA, APR 02-06, 2005. OXFORD: OXFORD UNIV PRESS.
Burne, T. H., O'Loan, J., Kesby, J., McGrath, J. J. and Eyles, D. W. (2007). Developmental vitamin D deficiency, postnatal development and adult behaviour in Sprague-Dawley rats. 10th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Savannah, GA, United States, 02-06 April 2005. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Eyles, D. W., Ko, P., Kesby, J. P., Burne, H. J. and McGrath, J. (2006). The DVD animal model of schizophrenia: Effects of low maternal vitamin D on brain dopamine. XIIIth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research, Davos, Switzerland, 4-10 February 2006. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.006
Kesby, J. P., OLoan, J., Burne, T. H., McGrath, J. and Eyles, D. W. (2006). Developmental vitamin D Depletion alters adult rat behaviour and response to psychomimetic drugs: a relevant model for schizophrenia. Australasian Schizophrenia Conference, Fremantle, 21-23 August 2006. Abingdon, England: Informa Healthcare. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01859_2.x
Burne, T. H. J., Kesby, J., OLoan, J., McGrath, J. J., Mackay-Sim, A. and Eyles, D. W. (2006). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters adult behaviour: An informative animal model of schizophrenia. XIIIth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research, Davos, Switzerland, 4-10 February 2006. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.006
Kesby, J. P., Burne, T, Ko,, McGrath, J and Eyles, D. W. (2005). Prenatal vitamin D3 deficiency produces selective locomotion abnormalities in adult offspring. Australian Neuroscience Society, Perth, Western Australia, 30 January - 2 February. Australia: Australian neuroscience society incorporated.
Ko, P., Kesby, J. P., Burne, T, McGrath, J. J. and Eyles, D. W. (2005). The effects of low maternal vitamin D on brain dopamine. 25th Annual Meeting of the Australian Neuroscience Society, Perth, Western Australia, January 30 - 2 February 2005. Australia: Australian Neuroscience Society Inc..
Burne, T. H. J., Eyles, D. W., Kesby, J. P., Mackay-Sim, A. and McGrath, J. J. (2005). Behavioural outcomes of transient prenatal vitmain D deficiency in rats. 25th Annual Meeting of the Australian Neuroscience Society, Perth, Western Australia, 30 January - 2 February 2005. Australia: Australian Neuroscience Society Inc.
Burne, T., Kesby, J. P., Feron, F., Eyles, D. W., Mackay-Sim, A. and McGrath, J. (2005). Maternal dietary manipulation alters brain structure and function in offspring: the effect of low maternal vitamin D. 25th Annual Meeting of the Australian Neuroscience Society, Perth, Western Australia, 3 January - 2 February. Australia: Australian Neuroscience Society Inc..
Thesis
James Kesby (2010). The impact of developmental vitamin D deficiency on brain neurochemistry and behaviour in Sprague-Dawley rats. PhD Thesis, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland.