Associate Professor Carl Stephan
Chief Anatomist
Associate Professor
School of Biomedical Sciences
+61 7 336 57485
Dr Carl Stephan heads the human craniofacial and skeletal identification lab.
Researcher biography
Assoc. Prof. Stephan is an anatomist and forensic anthropologist with research interests in skeletal analysis and identification in the medicolegal setting. Specifcally these research interests include: craniofacial identification, radiographic comparison, trauma, unmingling of skeletons, biological profile estimations and standards of practice. Carl heads the Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), and is Chief Anatomist at The University of Queensland (UQ) School of Anatomy.
Carl is a Fellow of The American Academy of Forensic Sciences and recent past President of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification. Carl served as Special Issue Managing Guest Editor for Forensic Science International, Latest Progress in Craniofacial Identification, 2018. He has been Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Forensic Sciences (2013-23) and Associate Editor of Forensic Anthropology (2016-20). Carl founded the SBMS Skeletal Collection and Skeletisation Program at UQ in late 2014, re-energising forensic osteology within the UQ School of Anatomy and more broadly within the School of Biomedical Sciences.
Carl's prior appointments include forensic anthropology analyst with the Iraq Mass Graves Investigation Team (USA Army Corps of Engineers on behalf of the USA Department of Justice) and ORISE researcher at the USA Department of Defence Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii. He often now serves as an external consultant to the USA Defence POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA). At UQ and as Chief Anatomist and School of Anatomy manager, Carl works very closely with the SBMS Gross Anatomy Facility, in all matters of anatomy teaching, research and governance management.
Working in joint with the GAF Manager, Carl has cross adapted ISO17025 style practices and auditing procedures to the UQ School of Anatomy space and introduced the first Code-of-Practice for Use of Human Tissues within the UQ School of Anatomy since its inauguration (1927). These accreditation-style policies and procedures are further implemented and expanded in the HuCS-ID Lab, providing vital learning experiences and skill sets for Honours and Higher Research Degree students wanting to pursue careers in forensic science. New data analytic, casework and research tools developed by the HuCS-ID Lab and in the statistical environment of R, are freely and routinely released for others to use at the website: CRANIOFACIALidentification.com.
Carl's research outputs currently exceed 100 total scientific publications, including more than 85 full-length research articles.
PhD and MPhil Supervision
- View current and completed supervisions on UQ Researchers.
Find out more information on how to apply for a Research Higher Degree (MPhil or PhD) with the School. For all enquiries regarding research supervision, please contact ask@uq.edu.au.
Book Chapters
Stephan, Carl N., Caple, Jodi M., Atkins, Jen G., Lynch, Jeffrey J., Meikle, Brandon and Fisk, Wes (2019). Skeletal evidence of sharp-force disarticulation and tissue flensing in 54 cases exhibiting approximately 4200 bone strike injuries. Dismemberments: Perspectives in Forensic Anthropology and Legal Medicine. (pp. 133-154) edited by Ann H. Ross and Eugénia Cunha. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811912-9.00009-5
Stephan, Carl N., D'Alonzo, Susan S., Wilson, Emily K., Guyomarc'h, Pierre, Berg, Gregory E. and Byrd, John E. (2018). Skeletal identification by radiographic comparison of the cervicothoracic region on chest radiographs. New perspectives in forensic human skeletal identification. (pp. 277-292) edited by Krista E. Latham, Eric J. Bartelink and Michael Finnegan. London, Untied Kingdom: Academic Press, Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805429-1.00024-7
Stephan, Carl N., Caple, Jodi M., Veprek, Andrew, Sievwright, Emma, Kippers, Vaughan, Moss, Steve and Fisk, Wesley (2017). Complexities and remedies of unknown-provenance osteology. Commemorations and memorials: exploring the human face of anatomy. (pp. 65-95) edited by Goran Štrkalj and Nalini Pather. Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific. doi: 10.1142/9789813143159_0006
Stephan, Carl N. and Claes, Peter (2016). Craniofacial identification: techniques of facial approximation and craniofacial superimposition. Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology. (pp. 402-415) edited by Soren Blau and Douglas H. Ubelaker. New York, NY United States: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315528939
Stephan, Carl N. (2014). Facial Approximation and Craniofacial Superimposition. Encyclopedia of global archaeology. (pp. 22721-2729) edited by Claire Smith. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_149
Stephan, C. N. (2013). Facial approximation. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. (pp. 60-67) edited by Jay A. Siegel and Pekka J. Saukko. USA: Elsevier.
Stephan, Carl N (2009). Craniofacial identification: techniques of facial approximation and craniofacial superimposition. Handbook of Forensic Anthropogy and Archeaology. (pp. 304-321) edited by Soren Blau and Douglas H Ubelaker. Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A.: Left Coast Press.
Stephan, Carl N., Taylor, Ronn G. and Taylor, Jane A. (2008). Methods of facial approximation and skull-face superimposition, with special consideration of method development in Australia. Forensic approaches to death, disaster and abuse. (pp. 133-154) edited by Marc Oxenham. Bowen Hills, QLD, Australia: Australian Academic Press.
Stephan, Carl N., Penton-Voak, Ian S., Clement, John G. and Henneberg, Maciej (2005). Ceiling recognition limits of two-dimensional facial approximations constructed using averages. Computer-graphic facial reconstruction. (pp. 199-219) edited by John G. Clement and Murray K. Marks. Boston, United States: Academic Press.
Stephan,, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perrett, David I., Tiddeman, Bernard P., Clement, John G. and Henneberg, Maciej (2005). Two-dimensional computer generated average human face morphology and facial approximation. Computer-graphic facial reconstruction. (pp. 105-127) edited by John G. Clement and Murray K. Marks. Boston, United States: Academic Press.
Henneberg, Maciej, Simpson, Ellie and Stephan, Carl (2003). Human face in biological anthropology: craniometry, evolution and forensic identification. The human face: measurement and meaning. (pp. 29-48) Boston, United States: Kluwer Acadedic Publishers. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1063-5_2
Journal Articles
Healy, Sean S. and Stephan, Carl N. (2024). The Critical Photographic Variables Contributing to Skull-Face Superimposition Methods to Assist Forensic Identification of Skeletons: A Review. Journal of Imaging, 10 (1) 17, 17. doi: 10.3390/jimaging10010017
Stephan, Carl N., Caple, Jodi M., D’Alonzo Jaques, Susan S. and Byrd, John E. (2023). Cervicothoracic junction in disaster victim identification: Idiosyncrasies and relevance of body position for advanced chest radiograph comparisons. Journal of Forensic Sciences. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15436
Hona, Te Wai Pounamu T. and Stephan, Carl N. (2023). Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 138 (2) ARTN s00414-023-03087-x, 519-535. doi: 10.1007/s00414-023-03087-x
Healy, Sean S. and Stephan, Carl N. (2023). Perspective distortion tolerances and skull-face registration in craniofacial superimposition: an analytical review. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 137 (6), 1767-1776. doi: 10.1007/s00414-023-03081-3
Healy, Sean S. and Stephan, Carl N. (2023). Focus distance estimation from photographed faces: a test of PerspectiveX using 1709 frontal and profile photographs from DSLR and smartphone cameras. International journal of legal medicineInternational Journal of Legal Medicine, 137 (6), 1907-1920. doi: 10.1007/s00414-023-03078-y
Hona, Te Wai Pounamu T. and Stephan, Carl N. (2022). Cephalometric landmark standards and recent trends in craniofacial identification (2018-22): avoiding imposters by describing variant landmarks as supplemental. Forensic Imaging, 31 200525, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200525
Stephan, Carl N., Healy, Sean, Bultitude, Hamish and Glen, Chris (2022). Craniofacial superimposition: a review of focus distance estimation methods and an extension to profile view photographs. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 136 (6), 1697-1716. doi: 10.1007/s00414-022-02871-5
Hona, Te Wai Pounamu T., Byrd, John E. and Stephan, Carl N. (2022). Infracranial radiographic comparison for human identification: a study of image quality and tissue shielding effects. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 67 (3), 854-867. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14961
Hona, Te Wai Pounamu T., Olditch, Chelsea, Byrd, John E. and Stephan, Carl N. (2021). Infra‐cranial radiographic comparison for human identification: a study of analyst expertise. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66 (6), 2126-2137. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14863
Stephan, C.N. and Armstrong, B. (2021). Scientific estimation of the subject-to-camera distance from facial photographs for craniofacial superimposition. Forensic Science International: Reports, 4 100238, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100238
Fancourt, Hayley S. M., Lynch, Jeffrey J., Byrd, John E. and Stephan, Carl N. (2021). Next‐generation osteometric sorting: using 3D shape, elliptical Fourier analysis, and Hausdorff distance to optimize osteological pair‐matching. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66 (3), 821-836. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14681
Stephan, Carl N. and Fisk, Wesley (2021). The dubious practice of sensationalizing anatomical dissection (and death) in the humanities literature. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 18 (2), 221-228. doi: 10.1007/s11673-021-10095-2
Meikle, Brandon and Stephan, Carl N. (2020). B‐mode ultrasound measurement of facial soft tissue thickness for craniofacial identification: a standardized approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65 (3), 939-947. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14230
Stephan, C.N., Meikle, B., Freudenstein, N., Taylor, R. and Claes, P. (2019). Facial soft tissue thicknesses in craniofacial identification: data collection protocols and associated measurement errors. Forensic Science International, 304 109965, 109965. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109965
Stephan, Carl N. and Ross, Ann H. (2019). Authors’ response. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 64 (5), 1579-1582. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14079
Stephan, Carl N., Caple, Jodi M., Guyomarc’h, Pierre and Claes, Peter (2018). An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging. Forensic Sciences Research, 4 (1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892
Stephan, Carl N. and Ross, Ann H. (2018). Letter to the Editor - A Code of Practice for the Establishment and Use of Authentic Human Skeleton Collections in Forensic Anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63 (5), 1604-1607. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13859
Lonne, Michael, Sparks, David S., Stephan, Carl, Wagels, Michael and Berger, Anthony (2018). Clinical examination of the extensor pollicis brevis: anatomical study and description of a novel clinical sign. The Journal of Hand Surgery Asian-Pacific Volume, 23 (3), 330-335. doi: 10.1142/S2424835518500315
Lynch, Jeffrey James and Stephan, Carl N. (2018). Computational tools in forensic anthropology: the value for open source licensing as a standard. Forensic Anthropology, 1 (4), 228-243.
Stephan, Carl N. (2018). TDStats-A fast standardized capability for facial soft tissue thickness analysis in R. Forensic Science International, 289, 304-309. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.039
Munn, Lachlan and Stephan, Carl N. (2018). Changes in face topography from supine-to-upright position - and soft tissue correction values for craniofacial identification. Forensic Science International, 289, 40-50. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016
Caple, Jodi M., Byrd, John E. and Stephan, Carl N. (2018). The utility of elliptical Fourier analysis for estimating ancestry and sex from lateral skull photographs. Forensic Science International, 289, 352-362. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.009
Stephan, Carl N. and Sievwright, Emma (2018). Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) estimation models-And the strength of correlations between craniometric dimensions and FSTTs. Forensic Science International, 286, 128-140. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.011
Fancourt, Hayley S. M. and Stephan, Carl N. (2018). Error measurement in craniometrics: the comparative performance of four popular assessment methods using 2000 simulated cranial length datasets (g-op). Forensic Science International, 285, 162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.008
Stephan, Carl N. (2018). A workshop on Gerasimov's plastic facial reconstruction - 17th Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification, Brisbane, July, 2017. Anthropologie: International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution, 56 (1), 68-72. doi: 10.26720/anthro.18.02.12.1
Stephan, Carl N. and Preisler, Rory (2017). In vivo facial soft tissue thicknesses of adult Australians. Forensic Science International, 282, 220.e1-220.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.014
Caple, Jodi and Stephan, Carl N. (2017). Erratum to: Photo-realistic statistical skull morphotypes: new exemplars for ancestry and sex estimation in forensic anthropology (vol 62, pg 562, 2017). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62 (6), 1688-1688. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13681
Caple, Jodi and Stephan, Carl N. (2017). Photo-realistic statistical skull morphotypes: new exemplars for ancestry and sex estimation in forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62 (3), 562-572. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13314
Caple, Jodi, Byrd, John and Stephan, Carl N. (2017). Elliptical Fourier analysis: fundamentals, applications, and value for forensic anthropology. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 131 (6), 1-16. doi: 10.1007/s00414-017-1555-0
Stephan, Carl N. (2017). Estimating the skull-to-camera distance from facial photographs for craniofacial superimposition. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62 (4), 850-860. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13353
D'Alonzo, Susan S., Guyomarc'h, Pierre, Byrd, John E. and Stephan, Carl N. (2017). A large-sample test of a semi-automated clavicle search engine to assist skeletal identification by radiograph comparison. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62 (1), 181-186. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13221
Stephan, Carl N., Preisler, Rory, Bulut, Ozgur and Bennett, Mike (2016). Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 161 (2), 283-295. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23029
Stephan, Carl N. and Guyomarc'h, Pierre (2016). Facial soft tissue depth measurement: validation of the 75-shormax. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61 (5), 1327-1330. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13172
Ullrich, H. and Stephan, C. N. (2016). Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov’s authentic approach to plastic facial reconstruction. Anthropologie, 54 (2), 97-107.
Caple, Jodi and Stephan, Carl N. (2015). A standardized nomenclature for craniofacial and facial anthropometry. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 130 (3), 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00414-015-1292-1
Stephan, Carl N., Munn, Lachlan and Caple, Jodi (2015). Facial soft tissue thicknesses: noise, signal, and P. Forensic Science International, 257, 114-122. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.051
Stephan, Carl N. (2015). Perspective distortion in craniofacial superimposition: logarithmic decay curves mapped mathematically and by practical experiment. Forensic Science International, 257, 520.e1-520.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.009
Stephan, Carl N. (2015). Facial Approximation-From Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60 (3), 566-571. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12732
Caple, Jodi M., Stephan, Carl N., Gregory, Laura S. and MacGregor, Donna M. (2015). Head position on facial soft tissue depth measurements obtained using computed tomography. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61 (1), 147-152. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12896
Niespodziewanski, Emily, Stephan, Carl N., Guyomarc'h, Pierre and Fenton, Todd W. (2015). Human Identification via Lateral Patella Radiographs: A Validation Study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61 (1), 134-140. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12898
Stephan, Carl N. (2014). Accuracies of facial soft tissue depth means for estimating ground truth skin surfaces in forensic craniofacial identification. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 129 (4), 877-888. doi: 10.1007/s00414-014-1113-y
Stephan, Carl N. and Guyomarc'h, Pierre (2014). Quantification of perspective-induced shape change of clavicles at radiography and 3D scanning to assist human identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59 (2), 447-453. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12325
Stephan, Carl N. (2014). The application of the central limit theorem and the law of large numbers to facial soft tissue depths: T-Table robustness and trends since 2008. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59 (2), 454-462. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12328
Stephan, Carl N., Amidan, Brett, Trease, Harold, Guyomarc'h, Pierre, Pulsipher, Trenton and Byrd, John E. (2014). Morphometric comparison of clavicle outlines from 3D bone scans and 2D chest radiographs: a shortlisting tool to assist radiographic identification of human skeletons. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59 (2), 306-313. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12324
Stephan, Carl N., Simpson, Ellie K. and Byrd, John E. (2013). Facial soft tissue depth statistics and enhanced point estimators for craniofacial identification: the debut of the shorth and the 75-shormax. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58 (6), 1439-1457. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12252
Guyomarc’h, Pierre and Stephan, Carl N. (2012). The validity of ear prediction guidelines used in facial approximation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57 (6), 1427-1441. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02181.x
Rhode, Matthew P., Goodhue, William W., Jr. and Stephan, Carl N. (2012). Radiographic comparison of a fractured clavicle exhibiting a pseudo-arthrosis. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57 (4), 1094-1097. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02069.x
Ullrich, Herbert and Stephan, Carl N. (2011). On Gerasimov's plastic facial reconstruction technique: New insights to facilitate repeatability. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56 (2), 470-474. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01672.x
Stephan, Carl N., Winburn, Allysha P., Christensen, Alexander F. and Tyrrell, Andrew J. T (2011). Skeletal identification by radiographic comparison: blind tests of a morphoscopic method using antemortem chest radiographs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56 (2), 320-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01673.x
Stephan, Carl N. (2010). The human masseter muscle and its biological correlates: A review of published data pertinent to face prediction. Forensic Science International, 201 (1-3), 153-159. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.026
Stephan, Carl N. and Cicolini, Jody (2010). The reproducibility of facial approximation accuracy results generated from photo-spread tests. Forensic Science International, 201 (1-3), 133-137. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.028
Stephan, Carl N. and Devine, Matthew (2009). The superficial temporal fat pad and its ramifications for temporalis muscle construction in facial approximation. Forensic Science International, 191 (1-3), 70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.016
Stephan, C. N. (2009). The accuracy of facial “reconstruction”: a review of the published data and their interpretive value. Minerva Medicolegale, 129 (1), 47-60.
Stephan, C. N., Huang, A. J. R. and Davidson, P. L. (2009). Further Evidence on the Anatomical Placement of the Human Eyeball for Facial Approximation and Craniofacial Superimposition. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54 (2), 267-269. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00982.x
Stephan, Carl N. and Davidson, Paavi L. (2008). The placement of the human eyeball and canthi in craniofacial identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53 (3), 612-619. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00718.x
Stephan, Carl N. and Simpson, Ellie K. (2008). Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification (Part I): An Analytical Review of the Published Adult Data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53 (6), 1257-1272. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x
Stephan, C. N. and Murphy, S. J. (2008). Mouth width prediction in craniofacial identification: cadaver tests of four recent methods, including two techniques for edentulous skulls. Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology, 26 (1), 2-7.
Stephan, Carl N. and Cicolini, Jody (2008). Measuring the accuracy of facial approximations: A comparative study of resemblance rating and face array methods. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53 (1), 58-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00622.x
Stephan, Carl N. and Simpson, Ellie K. (2008). Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification (Part II): An Analytical Review of the Published Sub-Adult Data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53 (6), 1273-1279. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00853.x
Stephan, C. N. and Arthur, R. S. (2006). Assessing facial approximation accuracy: How do resemblance ratings of disparate faces compare to recognition tests?. Forensic Science International, 159 (Suppl. 1), S159-S163. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.026
Domaracki, Monica and Stephan, Carl N. (2006). Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Australian adult cadavers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51 (1), 5-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00009.x
Stephan, C. N. and Henneberg, M. (2006). Recognition by forensic facial approximation: Case specific examples and empirical tests. Forensic Science International, 156 (2 & 3), 182-191. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.020
Stephan, Carl N. (2006). Beyond the sphere of the English facial approximation literature: Ramifications of German papers on western method concepts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51 (4), 736-739. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00175.x
Stephan, C. N. (2005). Facial approximation: a review of the current state of play for archaeologists. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15 (4), 298-302. doi: 10.1002/oa.787
Stephan, C. N. and Swan, L. K. (2005). Estimating eyeball protrusion from body height, interpupillary distance, and inter-orbital distance in adults. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50 (4), 774-776. doi: 10.1520/JFS2004534
Stephan, C. N., Norris, R. M. and Henneberg, M. (2005). Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification?. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50 (3), 513-518. doi: 10.1520/JFS2004251
Adams, E. and Stephan, C. N. (2005). The effect of maceration and hydration on cranial dimensions: a study of Oryctologus cuniculus. Anthropological Review, 68, 65-75.
Stephan, Carl N., Clement, John G., Owen, Chris D., Dobrostanski, Tad and Owen, Allan (2004). A New Rig for Standardized Craniofacial Photography Put to the Test. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 113 (3), 827-833. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000105334.74097.CA
Stephan, Carl N. (2003). Anthropological Facial 'Reconstruction' - Recognizing the Fallacies, 'Unembracing' the Errors, and Realizing Method Limits. Science & Justice, 43 (4), 193-200. doi: 10.1016/S1355-0306(03)71776-6
Stephan, C. N. and Henneburg, M. (2003). Predicting mouth width from inter-canine width - a 75% rule. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48 (4), 725-727.
Stephan, Carl N., Henneberg, Maciej and Sampson, Wayne (2003). Predicting nose projection and pronasale position in facial approximation: A test of published methods and proposal of new guidelines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122 (3), 240-250. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10300
Stephan, CN (2003). Comment - Reply. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48 (2), 470-470.
Stephan, Carl N. (2003). Facial approximation: An evaluation of mouth-width determination. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 121 (1), 48-57. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10166
Stephan, C. N. (2002). Position of supercilare in relation to the lateral iris: Testing a suggested facial approximation guideline. Forensic Science International, 130 (1), 29-33. doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00279-7
Stephan, Carl N. (2002). Facial approximation: globe projection guideline falsified by exophthalmometry literature. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47 (4), 730-735.
Stephan, Carl (2002). Do resemblance ratings measure the accuracy of facial approximations?. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47 (2), 239-243. doi: 10.1520/JFS15239J
Stephan, C. N. and Henneberg, M. (2001). Building faces from dry skulls: are they recognized above chance rates?. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46 (3), 432-440.
Stephan, C. N. and Henneberg, M. (2001). Medicine may be reducing the human capacity to survive. Medical Hypotheses, 57 (5), 633-637. doi: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1431
Conference Papers
Stephan, Carl, Guyomarc'h, Pierre and Hona, Te Wai Pounamu (2023). Data sharing and repositories in the craniofacial identification domain: the collaborative facial soft tissue depth data store (C-Table). 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, Reno, NV, United States, 19-22 April 2023. Hoboken, NJ, United States: Wiley.
Stephan, Carl N. and Guyomarc'h, Pierre (2018). Latest progress in craniofacial identification: 17th Biennial Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification (IACI), Brisbane, 15–19 July 2017. 17th Biennial Meeting of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification (IACI), Brisbane, Australia, 15–19 July 2017. Shannon, Clare Ireland: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.018
Stephan, Carl N. (2017). 2018 tallied facial soft tissue thicknesses for adults and sub-adults. 17th Biennial Meeting of the International-Association-for-Craniofacial, Brisbane Australia, Jul, 2017. Shannon, Clare Ireland: ELSEVIER IRELAND. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.016
Stephan, Carl N., Emanovsky, Paul D. and Tyrrell, Andrew J. (2011). The use of clavicle boundary outlines to identify skeletal remains of US personnel recovered from past conflicts: results of initial tests. The First International Symposium of Biological Shape Analysis, Tsukuba, Japan, 3 - 6 June 2009. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi: 10.1142/9789814355247_0008