Professor George Muscat
Professorial Research Fellow
Institute for Molecular Bioscience
Affiliate Professor
School of Biomedical Sciences
+61 7 334 62039
Book Chapter
Dressel, Uwe and Muscat, G. E. O. (2005). PPAR[delta]: Emerging therapeutic potential of novel agonists in lipid and glucose homeostasis. In Jacob E. Friedman (Ed.), New transcription factors and their role in diabetes and therapy (pp. 43-62) Amsterdam : Oxford: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/S1569-2566(06)05003-4
Journal Articles
Pearen, Michael A. and Muscat, George E.O. (2018) The Nuclear Receptor Nor-1 Is a Pleiotropic Regulator of Exercise-Induced Adaptations. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 46 2: 97-104. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000143
Oh, Tae Gyu, Wang, Shu-Ching M. and Muscat, George E. O. (2017) Therapeutic implications of epigenetic signaling in breast cancer. Endocrinology, 158 3: 431-447. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1716#sthash.yDPl6B8Z.dpuf
Fane, Mitchell E., Chhabra, Yash, Hollingsworth, David E. J., Simmons, Jacinta L., Spoerri, Loredana, Oh, Tae Gyu, Chauhan, Jagat, Chin, Toby, Harris, Lachlan, Harvey, Tracey J., Muscat, George E. O., Goding, Colin R., Sturm, Richard A., Haass, Nikolas K., Boyle, Glen M., Piper, Michael and Smith, Aaron G. (2017) NFIB mediates BRN2 driven melanoma cell migration and invasion through regulation of EZH2 and MITF. EBioMedicine, 16 63-75. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.013
Tuong, Zewen Kelvin, Fitzsimmons, Rebecca, Wang, Shu-Ching Mary, Oh, Tae Gyu, Lau, Patrick, Steyn, Frederik, Thomas, Gethin and Muscat, George E. O. (2016) Transgenic adipose-specific expression of the nuclear receptor RORα drives a striking shift in fat distribution and impairs glycemic control. EBioMedicine, 11 101-117. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.027
Goode, Joel M., Pearen, Michael A., Tuong, Zewen K., Wang, Shu-Ching M., Oh, Tae Gyu, Shao, Emily X. and Muscat, George E. (2016) The nuclear receptor, Nor-1, induces the physiological responses associated with excercise. Molecular Endocrinology, 30 6: 660-676. doi:10.1210/me.2015-1300
Oh, Tae Gyu, Wang, Shu-Ching M., Acharya, Bipul R., Goode, Joel M., Graham, J. Dinny, Clarke, Christine L., Yap, Alpha S. and Muscat, George E. O. (2016) The Nuclear Receptor, RORγ, Regulates Pathways Necessary for Breast Cancer Metastasis. EBioMedicine, 6 59-72. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.028
Tuong, Zewen Kelvin, Lau, Patrick, Du, Ximing, Condon, Nicholas D., Goode, Joel M., Oh, Tae Gyu, Yeo, Jeremy C., Muscat, George E. O. and Stow, Jennifer L. (2016) RORα and 25-hydroxycholesterol crosstalk regulates lipid droplet homeostasis in macrophages. PLoS ONE, 11 1: e0147179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147179
Lau, Patrick, Tuong, Zewen K., Wang, Shu-Ching, Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Goode, Joel M., Thomas, Gethin P., Cowin, Gary J., Pearen, Michael A., Mardon, Karine, Stow, Jennifer L. and Muscat, George E. O. (2015) Ror-alpha deficiency and decreased adiposity are associated with induction of thermogenic gene expression in subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissue. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 308 2: E159-E171. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00056.2014
Hilton, Heidi N., Doan, Tram B., Dinny Graham, J., Oakes, Samantha R., Silvestri, Audrey, Santucci, Nicole, Kantimm, Silke, Huschtscha, Lily I., Ormandy, Christopher J., Funder, John W., Simpson, Evan R., Kuczek, Elizabeth S., Leedman, Peter J., Tilley, Wayne D., Fuller, Peter J., Muscat, George E. and Clarke, Christine L. (2014) Acquired convergence of hormone signaling in breast cancer: ER and PR transition from functionally distinct in normal breast to predictors of metastatic disease. Oncotarget, 5 18: 8651-8664. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2354
Mond, Michael, Alexiadis, Maria, Eriksson, Natalie, Davis, Melissa J., Muscat, George E. O., Fuller, Peter J. and Gilfillan, Christopher (2014) Nuclear receptor expression in human differentiated thyroid tumors. Thyroid, 24 6: 1000-1011. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0509
Oh, Tae Gyu, Bailey, Peter, Dray, Eloise, Smith, Aaron G., Goode, Joel, Eriksson, Natalie, Funder, John W., Fuller, Peter J., Simpson, Evan R., Tilley, Wayne D., Leedman, Peter J., Clarke, Christine L., Grimmond, Sean, Dowhan, Dennis H. and Muscat, George E. O. (2014) PRMT2 and RORλ expression are associated with breast cancer survival outcomes. Molecular Endocrinology, 28 7: 1166-1185. doi:10.1210/me.2013-1403
Doan, Tram B., Eriksson, Natalie A., Graham, Dinny, Funder, John W., Simpson, Evan R., Kuczek, Elizabeth S., Clyne, Colin, Leedman, Peter J., Tilley, Wayne D., Fuller, Peter J., Muscat, George E. O. and Clarke, Christine L. (2014) Breast cancer prognosis predicted by nuclear receptor-coregulator networks. Moelcular Oncology, 8 5: 998-1013. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2014.03.017
Pearen, Michael A., Goode, Joel M., Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Eriksson, Natalie A., Thomas, Gethin P., Cowin, Gary J., Wang, S.-C. Mary, Tuong, Zewen K. and Muscat, George E. O. (2013) Muscle specific Nor-1 expression regulates multiple pathways that effect adiposity, metabolism and endurance. Molecular Endocrinology, 27 11: 1897-1917. doi:10.1210/me.2013-1205
Knower, Kevin C., Chand, Ashwini L., Eriksson, Natalie, Takagi, Kiyoshi, Miki, Yasuhiro, Sasano, Hironobu, Visvader, Jane E., Lindeman, Geoffrey J., Funder, John W., Fuller, Peter J., Simpson, Evan R., Tilley, Wayne D., Leedman, Peter J., Graham, J. Dinny, Muscat, George E. O., Clarke, Christine L. and Clyne, Colin D. (2013) Distinct nuclear receptor expression in stroma adjacent to breast tumors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 142 1: 211-223. doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2716-6
Jagirdar, Kasturee, Yin, Kelvin, Harrison, Matthew, Lim, Wen, Muscat, George E. O., Sturm, Richard A. and Smith, Aaron G. (2013) The NR4A2 Nuclear Receptor Is Recruited to Novel Nuclear Foci in Response to UV Irradiation and Participates in Nucleotide Excision Repair. PloS One, 8 11: e78075.1-e78075.13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078075
Wang, Shu-Ching Mary and Muscat, George E. O. (2013) Nuclear receptors and epigenetic signaling: novel regulators of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. IUBMB Life, 65 8: 657-664. doi:10.1002/iub.1181
Fernández Rojo, Manuel, Gongora, Milena, Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Martel, Nick, Martin, Sheree D., Nixon, Susan, Brooks, Andrew J., Ikonomopoulou, Maria P., Martin, Sally, Lo, Harriet P., Myers, Stephen A., Restall, Christina, Ferguson, Charles, Pilch, Paul F., McGee, Sean L., Anderson, Robin L., Waters, Michael J., Hancock, John F., Grimmond, Sean M., Muscat, George E. and Parton, Robert G. (2013) Caveolin-1 is necessary for hepatic oxidative lipid metabolism: evidence for crosstalk between caveolin-1 and bile acid signaling. Cell Reports, 4 2: 238-247. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.017
Muscat, George E. O., Eriksson, Natalie A., Byth, Karen, Loi, Sherene, Graham, Dinny, Jindal, Shalini, Davis, Melissa J., Clyne, Colin, Funder, John W., Simpson, Evan R., Ragan, Mark A., Kuczek, Elizabeth, Fuller, Peter J., Tilley, Wayne D., Leedman, Peter J. and Clarke, Christine L. (2013) Research resource: nuclear receptors as transcriptome: discriminant and prognostic value in breast cancer. Molecular Endocrinology, 27 2: 350-365. doi:10.1210/me.2012-1265
Tuong, Zewen K., Lau, Patrick, Yeo, Jeremy C., Pearen, Michael A., Wall, Adam A., Stanley, Amanda C., Stow, Jennifer L. and Muscat, George E. O. (2013) Disruption of Rorα1 and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression attenuates phagocytosis in male Rorαsg/sg mice. Endocrinology, 154 1: 140-149. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1889
Diaz, Marianne, Martel, Nick, Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Eriksson, Natalie A., Cowin, Gary J., Thomas, Gethin P., Lê Cao, Kim-Anh, Muscat, George E. O. and Leong, Gary M. (2012) Ski overexpression in skeletal muscle modulates genetic programs that control susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin signaling. Obesity, 20 11: 2157-2167. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.101
Dowhan, Dennis H., Harrison, Matthew J., Eriksson, Natalie A., Bailey, Peter, Pearen, Michael A, Fuller, Peter J., Funder, John W., Simpson, Evan R., Leedman, Peter J., Tilley, Wayne D., Brown, Melissa A., Clarke, Christine L. and Muscat, George E. O. (2012) Protein arginine methyltransferase 6-dependent gene expression and splicing: Association with breast cancer outcomes. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 19 4: 509-526. doi:10.1530/ERC-12-0100
Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Lau, Patrick and Muscat, George E. (2012) Retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha and the regulation of lipid homeostasis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 130 3-5: 159-168. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.06.009
Pearen, Michael A. and Muscat, George E. O. (2012) Orphan nuclear receptors and the regulation of nutrient metabolism: Understanding obesity. Physiology, 27 3: 156-166. doi:10.1152/physiol.00007.2012
Wang, Shu-Ching Mary, Dowhan, Dennis H., Eriksson, Natalie A. and Muscat, George E. O. (2012) CARM1/PRMT4 is necessary for the glycogen gene expression programme in skeletal muscle cells. Biochemical Journal, 444 2: 323-331. doi:10.1042/BJ20112033
Fernandez Rojo, Manuel Alejandro, Restall, Christina, Ferguson, Charles, Martel, Nick, Martin, Sally, Bosch, Marta, Kassan, Adam, Leong, Gary M., Martin, Sheree D., McGee, Sean L., Muscat, George E., Anderson, Robin L., Enrich, Carlos, Pol, Albert and Parton, Robert G. (2012) Caveolin-1 orchestrates the balance between glucose and lipid-dependent energy metabolism: Implications for liver regeneration. Hepatology, 55 5: 1574-1584. doi:10.1002/hep.24810
Pearen, Michael A., Eriksson, Natalie A., Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Goode, Joel M., Martel, Nick, Andrikopoulos, Sofianos and Muscat, George E. O. (2012) The nuclear receptor, Nor-1, markedly increases type II oxidative muscle fibers and resistance to fatigue. Molecular Endocrinology, 26 3: 372-384. doi:10.1210/me.2011-1274
Smith, Aaron G., Lim, Wen, Pearen, Michael, Muscat, George E. O. and Sturm, Richard A. (2011) Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells. Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research, 24 3: 551-563. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2011.00843.x
Alexiadis, Maria, Eriksson, Natalie, Jamieson, Stacey, Davis, Melissa, Drummond, Ann E., Chu, Simon, Clyne, Colin D., Muscat, George E. and Fuller, Peter J. (2011) Nuclear receptor profiling of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Hormones and Cancer, 2 3: 157-169. doi:10.1007/s12672-011-0069-3
Lau, P., Fitzsimmons, R. L., Pearen, M. A., Watt, M. J. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2011) Homozygous staggerer (sg/sg) mice display improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia, 54 5: 1169-1180. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2046-3
Wang, Scm, Myers, SA, Eriksson, NA, Fitzsimmons, RL and Muscat, GEO (2011) Nr4a1 siRNA expression attenuates alpha-MSH regulated gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Molecular Endocrinology, 25 2: 291-306. doi:10.1210/me.2010-0231
Crowther, LM, Wang, SCM, Eriksson, NA, Myers, SA, Murray, LA and Muscat, GEO (2011) Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II regulates nuclear receptor, myogenic, and metabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle cells. Physiological Genomics, 43 4: 213-227. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00195.2010
Pearen, Michael A. and Muscat, George E. O. (2010) Minireview: Nuclear hormone receptor 4A signaling: Implications for metabolic disease. Molecular Endocrinology, 24 10: 1891-1903. doi:10.1210/me.2010-0015
Raichur, S., Fitzsimmons, R. L., Myers, S. A., Pearen, M. A., Lau, P., Eriksson, N., Wang, S. M. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2010) Identification and validation of the pathways and functions regulated by the orphan nuclear receptor, ROR alpha1, in skeletal muscle. Nucleic Acids Research., 38 13: 4296-4312. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq180
Leong, G. M., Kee, A. J., Millard, S. M., Martel, N., Eriksson, N., Turner, N., Cooney, G. J., Hardeman, E. C. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2010) The Ski proto-oncogene regulates body composition and suppresses lipogenesis. International Journal of Obesity, 34 3: 524-536. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.265
Wang, Shu-Ching Mary, Myers, Stephen, Dooms, Cedric, Capon, Robert and Muscat, George E. O. (2010) An ERRbeta/gamma agonist modulates GRalpha expression, and glucocorticoid responsive gene expression in skeletal muscle cells. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 315 1-2: 146-152. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.012
Myers, Stephen A., Eriksson, Natalie, Burow, Rachel, Wang, Shu-Ching Mary and Muscat, George E. O. (2009) Beta-adrenergic signaling regulates NR4A nuclear receptor and metabolic gene expression in multiple tissues. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 309 1-2: 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.05.006
Ramakrishnan, Sathiya N., Lau, Patrick, Crowther, Lisa M., Cleasby, Mark E., Millard, Susan, Leong, Gary M., Cooney, Gregory J. and Muscat, George E. O. (2009) Rev-erb beta regulates the Srebp-1c promoter and mRNA expression in skeletal muscle cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 388 4: 654-659. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.045
Pearen, Michael A., Ryall, James G., Lynch, Gordon S. and Muscat, George E. O. (2009) Expression profiling of skeletal muscle following acute and chronic beta(2)-adrenergic stimulation: implications for hypertrophy, metabolism and circadian rhythm. BMC Genomics, 10 Article#1471: 448-1-448-19. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-448
Smith, Aaron G., Beaumont, Kimberley A., Smit, Darren J., Thurber, Amy E., Cook, Anthony L., Boyle, Glen M., Parsons, Peter G., Sturm, Richard A. and Muscat, George E. O. (2009) PPARγ agonists attenuate proliferation and modulate Wnt/β-catenin signalling in melanoma cells. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 41 4: 844-852. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.037
Francois, Mathias, Caprini, Andrea, Hosking, Brett, Orsenigo, Fabrizio, Wilhelm, Dagmar, Browne, Catherine, Paavonen, Karri, Karnezis, Tara, Shayan, Ramin, Downes, Meredith, Davidson, Tara, Tutt, Desmond, Cheah, Kathryn S. E., Stacker, Steven A., Muscat, George E. O., Achen, Marc G., Dejana, Elisabetta and Koopman, Peter (2008) Sox18 induces development of the lymphatic vasculature in mice. Nature, 456 7222: 643-647. doi:10.1038/nature07391
Lau, Patrick, Fitzsimmons, Rebecca L., Raichur, Suryaprakash, Wang, Shu-Ching M., Lechtken, Adriane and Muscat, George E. O. (2008) The orphan nuclear receptor, ROR alpha, regulates gene expression that controls lipid metabolism - Staggerer (sg/sg) mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283 26: 18411-18421. doi:10.1074/jbc.M710526200
Pearen, Michael A., Myers, Stephen A., Raichur, Suryaprakash, Ryall, James G., Lynch, Gordon S. and Muscat, George E. O. (2008) The orphan nuclear receptor, NOR-1, a target of beta-adrenergic signaling, regulates gene expression that controls oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology, 149 6: 2853-2865. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1202
Smith, Aaron G., Luk, Nicole, Newton, Richard A., Roberts, Donald W., Sturm, Richard A. and Muscat, George E. O. (2008) Melanocortin-1 receptor signaling markedly induces the expression of the NR4A nuclear receptor subgroup in melanocytic cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283 18: 12564-12570. doi:10.1074/jbc.M800480200
Myers, Stephen, Pearen, Michael, Leong, Gary and Muscat, George (2007) Orphan nuclear receptor signalling and skeletal muscle: Insights into metabolic disorders. Australian Biochemist, 38 1: 8-11.
Fidalgo, J. P., Fletcher, B., Muscat, G., Ovchinnikov, D. and Cassady, A. I. (2007) Characterization of the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta in osteoclast biology. Calcified Tissue International, 80 S90-S90.
Raichur, S, Lau, P, Staels, B and Muscat, GEO (2007) Retinoid-related orphan receptor {gamma} regulates several genes that control metabolism in skeletal muscle cells: links to modulation of reactive oxygen species production. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 39 1-2: 29-44. doi:10.1677/jme.1.00010
Allen, T., Zhang, F., Moodie, S. A., Clemens, L. E., Smith, A., Gregoire, F., Bell, A., Muscat, G. E. O. and Gustafson, T. A. (2006) Halofenate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator with antidiabetic activity. Diabetes, 55 9: 2523-2533. doi:10.2337/db06-0618
Young, Neville, Hahn, Christopher N., Poh, Alisa, Dong, Carolyn, Wilhelm, Dagmar, Olsson, Jane, Muscat, George E. O., Parsons, Peter, Gamble, Jennifer R. and Koopman, Peter (2006) Effect of disrupted SOX18 transcription factor function on tumor growth, vascularization, and endothelial development. Journal of The National Cancer Institute, 98 15: 1060-1067. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj299
Maxwell, M. and Muscat, G E (2006) The NR4A subgroup: Immediate early response genes with pleiotrophic physiological roles.. Nuclear Receptor Signaling, 4 e002-e009.
Ramakrishnan, S N and Muscat, G E (2006) The Orphan Rev-erb nuclear receptors: A link between Metabolism, Circadian rhythm and inflammation?. Nuclear Receptor Signaling, 4 e009-e013.
Benoit, G., Cooney, A., Giguere, V., Ingraham, H., Lazar, M., Muscat, G., Perlmann, T., Renaud, J. P., Schwabe, J., Sladek, F., Tsai, M. J. and Laudet, V. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacological Reviews, 58 4: 798-836. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.10
Smith, Aaron G. and Muscat, George E. O. (2006) Orphan nuclear receptors: therapeutic opportunities in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology, 291 2: C203-C217. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00476.2005
Pearen, Michael A., Ryall, James G., Maxwell, Megan A., Ohkura, Naganari, Lynch, Gordon S. and Muscat, George E. O. (2006) The orphan nuclear receptor, NOR-1, is a target of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology, 147 11: 5217-5227. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0447
Myers, S. A., Wang, S. C. M. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2006) The chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factors modulate genes and pathways involved in skeletal muscle cell metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281 34: 24149-24160. doi:10.1074/jbc.M601941200
Maxwell, M. A., Cleasby, M. E., Harding, A., Stark, A., Cooney, G. J. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2005) Nur77 regulates lipolysis in skeletal muscle cells - Evidence for cross-talk between the beta-adrenergic and an orphan nuclear hormone receptor pathway. Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 280 13: 12573-12584. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409580200
Ramakrishnan, S. N., Lau, P., Burke, L. J. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2005) Rev-erb beta regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid absorption in skeletal muscle cells - Evidence for cross-talk between orphan nuclear receptors and myokines. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280 10: 8651-8659. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413949200
Smith, Aaron G. and Muscat, George E.O. (2005) Skeletal muscle and nuclear hormone receptors: Implications for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37 10: 2047-2063. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.03.002
Muscat, G. E. and Dressel, U. (2005) Cardiovascular disease and PPARdelta: Targeting the risk factors. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 6 9: 887-894.
Wansa, K D Senali Abayratna and Muscat, George E. O . (2005) TRAP220 is modulated by the antineoplastic agent 6-Mercaptopurine, and mediates the activation of the NR4A subgroup of nuclear receptors. Journal Of Molecular Endocrinology, 34 3: 835-848. doi:10.1677/jme.1.01739
Hosking, Brett M., Wang, S.-C. Mary, Downes, Meredith, Koopman, Peter and Muscat, George E. O. (2004) The VCAM-1 gene that encodes the vascular cell adhesion molecule is a target of the Sry-related high mobility group box gene, Sox18. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 7: 5314-5322. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308512200
Dressel, U. and Muscat, G. E. (2004) Obesity and PPAR: Is fat catabolism the answer?. International Atherosclerosis Society, .
Lau, P., Nixon, S. J., Parton, R. G. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2004) ROR alpha regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells - Caveolin-3 and CPT-1 are direct targets of ROR. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 35: 36828-36840. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404927200
Dressel, Uwe, Allen, Tamara L., Pippal, Jyotsna B., Rohde, Paul R., Lau, Patrick and Muscat, George E. O. (2003) The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells. Molecular Endocrinology, 17 12: 2477-2493. doi:10.1210/me.2003-0151
Abayratna Wansa, S., Harris, J., Yan, G., Ordentlich, P. and Muscat, G. E. (2003) The AF-1 Domain of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor NOR-1 Mediates Trans-activation, Coactivator Recruitment, and Activation by the Purine Anti-metabolite 6-Mercaptopurine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278 27: 24776-24790. doi:10.1074/jbc.M300088200
James, K., Hosking, B., Gardner, J., Muscat, G. E. O. and Koopman, P. (2003) Sox18 mutations in the ragged mouse alleles ragged-like and opossum. Genesis, 36 1: 1-6. doi:10.1002/gene.10190
Figueroa, A., Cuadrado, A., Fan, J., Atasoy, U., Muscat, G. E., Munoz-Canoves, P., Gorospe, M. and Munoz, A. (2003) Role of HuR in skeletal myogenesis through coordinate regulation of muscle differentiation genes. Molecular And Cellular Biology, 23 14: 4991-5004. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.14.4991-5004.2003
Muscat, G. E. O., Wagner, B. L., Hou, J. Z., Tangirala, R. K., Bischoff, E. D., Rohde, P., Petrowski, M., Li, J. L., Shao, G., Macondray, G. and Schulman, I. G. (2002) Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle by liver X receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 43: 40722-40728. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206681200
Wansa, K. D. S. A., Harris, J. M. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2002) The activation function-1 domain of Nur77/NR4A1 mediates trans-activation, cell specificity, and coactivator recruitment. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 36: 33001-33011. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203572200
Chen, S. L., Loffler, K. A., Chen, D. G., Stallcup, M. R. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2002) The coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase is necessary for muscle differentiation - CARM1 coactivates myocyte enhancer factor-2. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 6: 4324-4333. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109835200
Harris, J. M., Lau, P., Chen, S. L. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2002) Characterization of the retinoid orphan-related receptor-alpha coactivator binding interface: A structural basis for ligand-independent transcription. Molecular Endocrinology, 16 5: 998-1012. doi:10.1210/me.16.5.998
Darby, I. A., Bisucci, T., Raghoenath, S., Olsson, J., Muscat, G. E. O. and Koopman, P. (2001) Sox18 is transiently expressed during angiogenesis in granulation tissue of skin wounds with an identical expression pattern to Flk-1 mRNA. Laboratory Investigation, 81 7: 937-943.
Dressel, Uwe, Bailey, Peter J., Wang, S-C. Mary, Downes, Michael, Evans, Ronald M. and Muscat, George E. O. (2001) A dynamic role for HDAC7 in MEF2-mediated muscle differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276 20: 17007-17013. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101508200
Puri, P. L., Iezzi, S., Stiegler, P., Chen, T. T., Schiltz, R. L., Muscat, G. E. O., Giordano, A., Kedes, L, Wang, J. Y. J. and Sartorelli, V. (2001) Class I histone deacetylases sequentially interact with MyoD and pRb during skeletal myogenesis. Molecular Cell, 8 4: 885-897. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00373-2
Chen, S. L., Wang, S. C. M., Hosking, B. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2001) Subcellular localization of the steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) and MEF2 in muscle and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Molecular Endocrinology, 15 5: 783-796. doi:10.1210/me.15.5.783
Hosking, B. M., Wang, S. C. M., Chen, S. L., Penning, S., Koopman, P. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2001) SOX18 directly interacts with MEF2C in endothelial cells. Biochemical And Biophysical Research Communications, 287 2: 493-500. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5589
Im, H. J., Smirnov, D., Yuhi, T., Raghavan, S., Olsson, J. E., Muscat, G. E., Koopman, P. and Loh, H. H. (2001) Transcriptional modulation of mouse mu-opioid receptor distal promoter activity by Sox18. Molecular Pharmacology, 59 6: 1486-1496. doi:10.1124/mol.59.6.1486
Olsson, J. E., Kamachi, Y., Penning, S., Muscat, G. E. O., Kondoh, H. and Koopman, P. (2001) Sox18 expression in blood vessels and feather buds during chicken embryogenesis. Gene, 271 2: 151-158. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00505-4
Hosking, B. M., Wyeth, J. R., Pennisi, D. J., Wang, S. C. M., Koopman, P. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2001) Cloning and functional analysis of the Sry-related HMG box gene, Sox18. Gene, 262 1-2: 239-247. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00525-4
Darby, Ian A., Bisucci, Teresa, Raghoenath, Smiriti, Olsson, Jane, Muscat, George E. O. and Koopman, Peter (2001) Sox18 is transiently expressed during angiogenesis in granulation tissue of skin wounds with an identical expression pattern to Flk-1 mRNA. Laboratory Investigation, 81 7: 937-943. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3780304
Pennisi, D. J., James, K. M., Hosking, B., Muscat, G. E. and Koopman, P. A. (2000) Structure, Mapping, and Expression of Human SOX18. Mammalian Genome, 11 12: 1147-1149. doi:10.1007/s003350010216
Smit, D. J., Smith, A. C., Parsons, P. G., Muscat, G. E. O. and Sturm, R. A. (2000) Domains of Brn-2 that mediate homodimerization and interaction with general and melanocytic transcription factors. European Journal of Biochemistry, 267 21: 6413-6422. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01737.x
Muscat, Geo and Dressel, U (2000) Not a minute to waste. Nature Medicine, 6 11: 1216-1217. doi:10.1038/81312
Chen, Shen Liang, Dowhan, Dennis H., Hosking, Brett M. and Muscat, George E. O. (2000) The steroid receptor coactivator, GRIP-1, is necessary for MEF-2C- dependent gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes and Development, 14 10: 1209-1228.
Renaud, Jean-Paul, Harris, Jonathan M., Downes, Michael, Burke, Les J. and Muscat, George E .O. (2000) Structure-function analysis of the Rev-erbA and RVR ligand-binding domains reveals a large hydrophobic surface that mediates corepressor binding and a ligand cavity occupied by side chains. Molecular Endocrinology, 14 5: 700-717. doi:10.1210/me.14.5.700
Harris, J. M., McIntosh, E. M. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2000) Expression and cytoplasmic localisation of deoxyuridine triphosphate pyrophosphatase encoded by a human endogenous retrovirus. Archives of Virology, 145 2: 353-363. doi:10.1007/s007050050027
Chen, S. L., Dowhan, D. H., Hosking, B. and Muscat, G. E. O. (2000) The steroid receptor coactivator, GRIP-1, is necessary for MEF-2C-dendent gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes and Development, 14 10: 1209-1229. doi:10.1101/gad.14.10.1209
Pennisi, D., Bowles, J, Nagy, A., Muscat, G. and Koopman, P. (2000) Mice null for Sox18 are viable and display a mild coat defect. Molecular and Cell Biology, 20 24: 9331-9336. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.24.9331-9336.2000
Pennisi, D, Gardner, J, Chambers, D, Hosking, B, Peters, J, Muscat, G, Abbott, C and Koopman, P (2000) Mutations in Sox18 underlie cardiovascular and hair follicle defects in ragged mice. Nature Genetics, 24 4: 434-437. doi:10.1038/74301
Bailey, Peter, Downes, Michael, Lau, Patrick, Harris, Jonathan, Chen, Shen Liang, Hamamori, Yasuo, Sartorelli, Vittorio and Muscat, George E. O. (1999) The nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR regulates differentiation: N-CoR directly interacts with MyoD. Molecular Endocrinology, 13 7: 1155-1168. doi:10.1210/me.13.7.1155
Harris, Jonathan M., McIntosh, Evan M. and Muscat, George E. O. (1999) Structure/function analysis of a dUTPase: catalytic mechanism of a potential chemotherapeutic target. Journal of Molecular Biology, 288 2: 275-289. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2680
Lau, Patrick, Bailey, Peter, Dowhan, Dennis H. and Muscat, George E. O. (1999) Exogenous expression of a dominant negative RORa1 vector in muscle cells impairs differentiation: RORa1 directly interacts with p300 and MyoD. Nucleic Acids Research, 27 2: 411-420. doi:10.1093/nar/27.2.411
Bailey, P, Sartorelli, , Hamamori, Y and Muscat, GEO (1998) The orphan nuclear receptor, COUP-TF II, inhibits myogenesis by post-transcriptional regulation of MyoD function: COUP-TF II directly interacts with p300 and MyoD. Nucleic Acids Research, 26 23: 5501-5510. doi:10.1093/nar/26.23.5501
Muscat G.E.O., Burke L.J. and Downes M. (1998) The corepressor N-CoR and its variants RIP13a and RIP13Δ1 directly interact with the basal transcription factors TFIIB, TAF(II)32 and TAF(II)70. Nucleic Acids Research, 26 12: 2899-2907. doi:10.1093/nar/26.12.2899
Dwivedi, PP, Muscat, GEO, Bailey, PJ, Omdahl, JL and May, BK (1998) Repression of basal transcription by vitamin D receptor: evidence for interaction of unliganded vitamin D receptor with two receptor interaction domains in RIP13 Delta 1. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 20 3: 327-335. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0200327
Burke, LJ, Downes, M, Laudet, and Muscat, GEO (1998) Identification and characterization of a novel corepressor interaction region in RVR and Rev-erbA alpha. Molecular Endocrinology, 12 2: 248-262. doi:10.1210/me.12.2.248
Ng, Ling-Jim, Wheatley, Susan, Muscat, George E. O., Conway-Campbell, John, Bowles, Jo, Wright, Edwina, Bell, Donald M., Cheah, Kathryn S. E. and Koopman, Peter (1997) SOX9 binds DNA, activates transcription, and coexpresses with type II collagen during chondrogenesis in the mouse. Developmental Biology, 183 1: 108-121. doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.8487
Bailey, Peter J., Dowhan, Dennis H., Franke, Katrina, Burke, Les J., Downes, Michael and Muscat, George E. O. (1997) Transcriptional repression by COUP-TF II is dependent on the C-terminal domain and involves the N-CoR variant, RIP13delta1. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 63 4-6: 165-174. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(97)00079-4
Burke, L, Downes, M, Carozzi, A, Giguere, and Muscat, GEO (1996) Transcriptional repression by the orphan steroid receptor RVR/Rev-erb beta is dependent on the signature motif and helix 5 in the E region: Functional evidence for a biological role of RVR in myogenesis. Nucleic Acids Research, 24 18: 3481-3489. doi:10.1093/nar/24.18.3481
Greenfield, Andy, Dunn, Timothy, Muscat, George and Koopman, Peter (1996) The Sry-related gene Sox18 maps to distal mouse chromosome 2. Genomics, 36 3: 558-559. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0510
Downes M., Burke L.J., Bailey P.J. and Muscat G.E.O. (1996) Two receptor interaction domains in the corepressor, N-CoR/RIP13, are required for an efficient interaction with Rev-erbAα and RVR: Physical association is dependent on the E region of the orphan receptors. Nucleic Acids Research, 24 22: 4379-4386. doi:10.1093/nar/24.22.4379
Dowhan, D. H. and Muscat, G. E. O. (1996) Characterization of the AB (AF-1) region in the muscle-specific retinoid X receptor-gamma: evidence that the AF-1 region functions in a cell-specific manner. Nucleic Acids Research, 24 2: 264-271. doi:10.1093/nar/24.2.264
Downes M., Burke L.J. and Muscat G.E.O. (1996) Transcriptional repression by Rev-erbAα is dependent on the signature motif and helix 5 in the ligand binding domain: Silencing does not involve an interaction with N-CoR. Nucleic Acids Research, 24 18: 3490-3498. doi:10.1093/nar/24.18.3490
Dunn, Timothy L., Mynett-Johnson, Lesley, Wright, Edwina M., Hosking, Brett M., Koopman, Peter A. and Muscat, George E. O. (1995) Sequence and expression of Sox-18 encoding a new HMG-box transcription factor. Gene, 161 2: 223-225. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00280-J
Hosking, Brett M., Muscat, George E. O., Koopman, Peter A., Dowhan, Dennis H. and Dunn, Timothy L. (1995) Trans-activation and DNA-binding properties of the transcription factor, Sox-18. Nucleic Acids Research, 23 14: 2626-2628. doi:10.1093/nar/23.14.2626
Hosking, Brett M., Muscat, George E. O., Koopman, Peter A., Dowhan, Dennis H. and Dunn, Timothy L. (1995) Transactivation and Dna-Binding Properties of the Transcription Factor, Sox-18. Nucleic Acids Research, 23 14: 2626-2628. doi:10.1093/nar/23.14.2626
MUSCAT, GEO, REA, S and DOWNES, M (1995) IDENTIFICATION OF A REGULATORY FUNCTION FOR AN ORPHAN RECEPTOR IN MUSCLE - COUP-TF-II AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF THE MYOD GENE FAMILY DURING MYOGENESIS. Nucleic Acids Research, 23 8: 1311-1318. doi:10.1093/nar/23.8.1311
Muscat, George E. O., Downes, Michael and Dowhan, Dennis H. (1995) Regulation of vertebrate muscle differentiation by thyroid hormone: the role of the myoD gene family. BioEssays, 17 3: 211-218. doi:10.1002/bies.950170307
Downes M., Carozzi A.J. and Muscat G.E.O. (1995) Constitutive expression of the orphan receptor, Rev-erbAα, inhibits muscle differentiation and abrogates the expression of the myoD gene family. Molecular Endocrinology, 9 12: 1666-1678. doi:10.1210/me.9.12.1666
Clarkson, R. W. E., Chen, C. M., Wells, C., Muscat, G. E. O. and Waters, M. J. (1995) Early responses of trans-activating factors to growth hormone in preadipocytes: Differential regulation of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) and C/EBPδ. Molecular Endocrinology, 9 1: 108-120. doi:10.1210/me.9.1.108
Dowhan, D. H., Downes, M., Sturm, R. A. and Muscat, G. E. (1994) Identification of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences that bind retinoid-X receptor-gamma with high affinity. Endocrinology, 135 6: 2595-2607. doi:10.1210/en.135.6.2595
Dahler, Alison, Wade, Robert P., Muscat, George E. O. and Waters, Michael J. (1994) Expression vectors encoding human growth hormone (hGH) controlled by human muscle-specific promoters: prospects for regulated production of hGH delivered by myoblast transfer or intravenous injection. Gene, 145 2: 305-310. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90025-6
Muscat, George E. O., Mynett-Johnson, Lesley, Dowhan, Dennis, Downes, Michael and Griggs, Russell (1994) Activation of myoD gene transcription by 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine: a direct role for the thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors. Nucleic Acids Research, 22 4: 583-591. doi:10.1093/nar/22.4.583
Downes M., Mynett-Johnson L. and Muscat G.E.O. (1994) The retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors are differentially expressed during myoblast differentiation. Endocrinology, 134 6: 2658-2661. doi:10.1210/en.134.6.2658
Downes M., Griggs R., Atkins A., Olson E.N. and Muscat G.E.O. (1993) Identification of a thyroid hormone response element in the mouse myogenin gene: Characterization of the thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptor heterodimeric binding site. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 4 11: 901-910.
Muscat G.E., Griggs R., Downes M. and Emery J. (1993) Characterization of the thyroid hormone response element in the skeletal alpha-actin gene: negative regulation of T3 receptor binding by the retinoid X receptor.. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 4 4: 269-279.
Garciaaragon, J, Lobie, PE, Muscat, Geo, Gobius, KS, Norstedt, G and Waters, MJ (1992) Prenatal Expression of the Growth-Hormone (Gh) Receptor-Binding Protein in the Rat - a Role for Gh in Embryonic and Fetal Development. Development, 114 4: 869-876.
Muscat G.E., Perry S., Prentice H. and Kedes L. (1992) The human skeletal alpha-actin gene is regulated by a muscle-specific enhancer that binds three nuclear factors.. Gene expression, 2 2: 111-126.
Muscat G.E., Emery J. and Collie E.S. (1992) Tissue-specific expression of the skeletal alpha-actin gene involves sequences that can function independently of MyoD and Id.. Gene expression, 2 3: 241-257.
Collie E.S. and Muscat G.E. (1992) The human skeletal alpha-actin promoter is regulated by thyroid hormone: identification of a thyroid hormone response element.. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 3 1: 31-42.
Muscat G.E.O., Gobius K. and Emery J. (1991) Proliferin, a prolactin/growth hormone-like peptide represses myogenic-specific transcription by the suppression of an essential serum response factor-like DNA-binding activity. Molecular Endocrinology, 5 6: 802-814. doi:10.1210/mend-5-6-802
TAYLOR, A, ERBA, HP, MUSCAT, GEO and KEDES, L (1988) NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION OF THE HUMAN SKELETAL ALPHA-ACTIN GENE - EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL REGULATORY DOMAINS. Genomics, 3 4: 323-336. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90123-1
MUSCAT, GE, GUSTAFSON, TA and KEDES, L (1988) A COMMON FACTOR REGULATES SKELETAL AND CARDIAC ALPHA-ACTIN GENE-TRANSCRIPTION IN MUSCLE. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 8 10: 4120-4133. doi:10.1128/MCB.8.10.4120
WEBSTER, KA, MUSCAT, GEO and KEDES, L (1988) ADENOVIRUS E1A PRODUCTS SUPPRESS MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND INHIBIT TRANSCRIPTION FROM MUSCLE-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. Nature, 332 6164: 553-557. doi:10.1038/332553a0
MUSCAT, GEO and KEDES, L (1987) MULTIPLE 5'-FLANKING REGIONS OF THE HUMAN ALPHA-SKELETAL ACTIN GENE SYNERGISTICALLY MODULATE MUSCLE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 7 11: 4089-4099.
GUNNING, P, LEAVITT, J, MUSCAT, G, NG, SY and KEDES, L (1987) A HUMAN BETA-ACTIN EXPRESSION VECTOR SYSTEM DIRECTS HIGH-LEVEL ACCUMULATION OF ANTISENSE TRANSCRIPTS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84 14: 4831-4835. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.4831
Muscat, G. E., Caputo, A., McCairns, E. and Rowe, P. B. (1986) Differential gene expression during lectin induced transformation of human lymphocytes. Progress in clinical and biological research, 217 A 7-10.
Muscat, G. E.O., Caputo, A., McCairns, E. and Rowe, P. B. (1985) Growth-related changes in specific mRNAs upon lectin activation of human lymphocytes. DNA, 4 5: 277-284.
MUSCAT, GEO, CAPUTO, A, MCCAIRNS, E and ROWE, PB (1985) GROWTH-RELATED CHANGES IN SPECIFIC MESSENGER-RNAS UPON LECTIN ACTIVATION OF HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES. Dna-A Journal of Molecular & Cellular Biology, 4 5: 377-384. doi:10.1089/dna.1985.4.377
KEFFORD, RF, FOX, RM, MCCAIRNS, E, FAHEY, D, MUSCAT, GEO and ROWE, PB (1984) POLY(A)+RNA AS A POSSIBLE TARGET FOR DEOXYADENOSINE INDUCED G1/G0 LYMPHOTOXICITY. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 165 339-344.
MCCAIRNS, E, FAHEY, D, MUSCAT, GEO, MURRAY, M and ROWE, PB (1984) CHANGES IN LEVELS OF ACTIN AND TUBULIN MESSENGER-RNAS UPON THE LECTIN ACTIVATION OF LYMPHOCYTES. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 4 9: 1754-1760. doi:10.1128/MCB.4.9.1754
McCairns, Eric, Fahey, Dale, Muscat, George E. O. and Rowe, Peter B. (1983) Terminal incorporation of 2̍ -deoxyadenosine into polyadenylate segments of polyadenylated rna in g1-phase-arrested human t-lymphoblasts. Cancer Research, 43 5: 2252-2257.
KEFFORD, RF, FOX, RM, MCCAIRNS, E, FAHEY, D, MUSCAT, GEO and ROWE, PB (1983) TERMINAL INCORPORATION OF 2'-DEOXYADENOSINE INTO POLYADENYLATE SEGMENTS OF POLYADENYLATED RNA IN G1-PHASE-ARRESTED HUMAN T-LYMPHOBLASTS. Cancer Research, 43 5: 2252-2257.
MCCAIRNS, E, FAHEY, D, MUSCAT, GEO and ROWE, PB (1983) THE EFFECTS OF LECTIN TRANSFORMATION ON CYTOPLASMIC POLYADENYLATED RNA FROM HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 56 2: 165-175.
Conference Papers
Kee, A., Lucas, C., Szokolai, R., Yang, L., Martel, N., Leong, G., Muscat, G., Hughes, W., James, D., Gunning, P. and Hardeman, E. (2011). A novel actin filament class that regulates glucose uptake and GLUT4 trafficking. In: 2011 ASCB Annual Meeting abstracts. Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology (ASCB), Denver, CO, United States, (205.1-205.1). 3-7 December 2011.
Diaz, M, Martel, N, Fitzsimmons, R, Pearen, M, Muscat, GE and Leong, GM (2010). c-Ski Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Diet-Induced Obesity.. In: ENDOCRINE REVIEWS. 92nd Meeting and Expo of the Endocrine Society (ENDO 2010), San Diego CA, (). JUN 19-22, 2010.
Fidalgo, J., Ovchinnikov, D., Fletcher, B., Muscat, G. and Cassady, A. I. (2008). Isoform-Specific Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Gene Regulation during Osteoclastogenesis in RAW/C4 Cells.. In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, Montreal Canada, (S403-S403). Sep 12-16, 2008.
Waters, M. J., Rowlinson, S. W., Clarkson, R. W., Chen, C. -M., Lobie, P. E., Norstedt, G., Mertani, H., Morel, G.,, Brinkworth, R., Wells, C. A., Bastiras, S., Robins, A. R., Muscat, G. E. and Barnard, R. T. (1994). Signal transduction by the growth hormone receptor. In: Workshop on the Superfamily of Receptors for Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Erythropoietin, and Cytokines, Haifa, Israel, (216-220). 7-11 November 1993.
Waters, MJ, Lobie, PE, Garciaaragon, J, Rowlinson, SW, Gobius, KS, Bastiras, S, Robbins, AR, Zhang, CV, Young, WG, Muscat, GE and Barnard, R (1993). Structure, Location and Role of the Growth Hormone Receptor. In: Cowell, CT, Ho, KKY and Werther, GA, Growth and Sexual Development. Novo Nordisk International Conference on Growth, South Pacific Region, Sydney Australia, (3-28). Oct 25-27, 1992.